The protective effects of red beetroot (Beta vulgaris l.) against oxidative stress in rats induced by high fat and fructose diet
Abstract
Background: One of consequence high-fat and fructose diet is oxidative stress. Consumption of antioxidants from red beetroot may increase antioxidant defense.
Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate red beetroot administration on improving antioxidant defense in rats induced high fat and fructose diet.
Methods: A total 20 male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups: 1) normal control group (N), received standard diet; 2) High fat and fructose diet (HF), received high fat and fructose diet (HFFD); 8 weeks induction with HFFD and received 9g red beetroot (BA); and combination of HFFD and 9g of red beetroot from beginning of the study (HFBA). At the end of the study the levels of circulatory oxidized LDL (ox-LDL) were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) and catalase (CAT) gene expressions were determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) method.
Results: Induction HFFD increased the levels of circulatory ox-LDL levels compared to normal control (10.00±0.29 vs 12.69±0.57). Administration of red beetroot for 6 weeks and combination HFFD with red beetroot during the study significantly decreased ox-LDL levels compared to high fat and fructose group (12.69±0.57 vs 9.66±0.46) and (12.69±0.57 vs 8.59±0.18), respectively. The decreased circulatory ox-LDL levels were found negatively correlated with upregulation SOD2 (r=-0.548; P=0.012) and CAT (r=-0.460; P=0.041) gene expression in the liver tissues.
Conclusion: Administration of red beetroot may ameliorate oxidative stress in rats induced high-fat and fructose diet through increasing antioxidant defense.
References
Kesh SB, Sarkar D, Manna K. High-Fat Diet-Induced Oxidative Stress and Its Impact on Metabolic Syndrome: A Review. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2016; 9(1): 47-52.
Kang LL, Zhang DM, Ma CH, Zhang JH, Jia KK, Liu JH, et al. Sci Rep. 2016; 6: 27460.
Avelar TMT, Storch AS, Castro LA, Azevedo GVMM, Ferraz L, Lopes PF. Oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of metabolic syndrome: which mechanisms are involved?. J Bras Patol Med Lab. 2015; 51(4): 231-239. https://doi.org/10.5935/1676-2444.20150039
Vázquez CMP, Costa JO, Bomfim LGS, Pires LV, da Silva DG, Fukutani KF, et al. Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein (Ox-LDL) and Triggering Receptor-Expressed Myeloid Cell (TREM-1) Levels Are Associated with Cardiometabolic Risk in Nonobese, Clinically Healthy, and Young Adults. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2019; 2019:1-8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/7306867
Ali W, Kushwaha UP, Wamique M, Vishwakarma P, Tasleem M, Khan M, et al. Oxidized LDL as A Biomarker in Metabolic Syndrome. J Diabetes Metab. 2017; 8(9): 1-5. https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6156.1000764
Holvoet P, De Keyzer D, Jacobs Jr DR. Oxidized LDL and the metabolic syndrome. Future Lipidol. 2008; 3(6):637-649. https://doi.org/10.2217/17460875.3.6.637
Meisinger C, Baumert J, Khuseyinova N, Loewel H, Koenig W. Plasma oxidized low-density lipoprotein, a strong predictor for acute coronary heart disease events in apparently healthy, middle-aged men from the general population. Circulation. 2005; 112(5):651-7. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.529297
Frijhoff J, Winyard PG, Zarkovic N, Davies SS, Stocker R, Cheng D, et al. Clinical Relevance of Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2015;23 (14):1144-70. https://doi.org/10.1089/ars.2015.6317
Eldin EEMN, Almarzouki A, Assiri AM, Elsheikh OM, Mohamed BEA, Babakr AT. Oxidized low density lipoprotein and total antioxidant capacity in type-2 diabetic and impaired glucose tolerance Saudi men. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2014; 6(1):94. https://doi.org/10.1186/1758-5996-6-94
Di Renzo L, Marsella LT, Carraro A, Valente R, Gualtieri P, Gratteri S, et al. Changes in LDL Oxidative Status and Oxidative and Inflammatory Gene Expression after Red Wine Intake in Healthy People: A Randomized Trial. Mediators Inflamm. 2015; 2015: 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/317348
Hamed SS, Al-Yhya NA, El-Khadragy MF, Al-Olayan EM, Alajmi RA, et al. The Protective Properties of the Strawberry (Fragaria ananassa) against Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats Mediated by Anti-Apoptotic and Upregulation of Antioxidant Genes Expression Effects. Front Physiol 2016; 7:325. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2016.00325
Mlakar P, Salobir B, Čobo N, Strašek J, Prezelj M, Debevc A, et al. The effect of cardioprotective diet rich with natural antioxidants on chronic inflammation and oxidized LDL during cardiac rehabilitation in patients after acute myocardial infarction. Int J Cardiol Heart Vasc. 2015; 7:40-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcha.2015.02.003
Yung LM, Leung FP, Yao X, Chen ZY, Huang Y. Reactive Oxygen Species in Vascular Wall. Cardiovascular & Haematological Disorders-Drug Targets. 2006; 6:1-19. https://doi.org/10.2174/187152906776092659
Maritim AC, Sanders RA, Watkins JB 3rd. Diabetes, oxidative stress, and antioxidants: a review. J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 2003;17(1):24-38. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbt.10058
Lechner JF, Stoner GD. Red Beetroot and Betalains as Cancer Chemopreventative Agents. Molecules. 2019; 24(8):1602. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24081602
Raish M, Ahmad A, Ansari MA, Alkharfy KM, Ahad A, Khan A, Ali N, Ganaie MA, Hamidaddin MAA. Beetroot juice alleviates isoproterenol-induced myocardial damage by reducing oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in rats. 3 Biotech. 2019; 9:147. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-019-1677-9
Wang Y, Chun OK, Song WO. Plasma and dietary antioxidant status as cardiovascular disease risk factors: a review of human studies. Nutrients. 2013; 5(8):2969-3004. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu5082969
Burton-Freeman B, Linares A, Hyson D, Kappagoda T. Strawberry modulates LDL oxidation and postprandial lipemia in response to high-fat meal in overweight hyperlipidemic men and women. J Am Coll Nutr. 2010; 29(1):46-54. https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2010.10719816
Lozano I, Van der Werf R, Bietiger W, Seyfritz E, Peronet C, Pinget M, et al. High-fructose and high-fat diet-induced disorders in rats: impact on diabetes risk, hepatic and vascular complications. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2016; 13:15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12986-016-0074-1
Sadi G, Baloğlu MC, Pektaş MB. Differential Gene Expression in Liver Tissues of Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats in Response to Resveratrol Treatment. PLoS One. 2014; 10(4): e0124968. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0124968
El-Bahr SM. Camel Milk Regulates Gene Expression and Activities of Hepatic Antioxidant Enzymes in Rats Intoxicated with Carbon Tetrachloride. 2014; 9(1):30-40. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajb.2014.30.40
Kelm-Nelson CA, Stevenson SA, Ciucci MR. Data in support of qPCR primer designand verification in a Pink1-/-rat modelof Parkinson disease. 2016; 8:360-363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2016.05.056
Shatoora AS, Al Humayeda S, Alkhateebb MA, Shatoorc KA, Alderab H, Alassirib M. Crataegus Aronia protects and reverses vascular inflammation in a high fat diet rat model by an antioxidant mechanism and modulating serum levels of oxidized low-density lipoprotein. Pharm Biol. 2019; 57(1): 38-48. https://doi.org/10.1080/13880209.2018.1564930
Marrocco I, Altieri F, Peluso I. Measurement and Clinical Significance of Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Humans. 2017; 2017: 1-32. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/6501046
Borén J, Chapman MJ, Krauss RM, Packard CJ, Bentzon JF, Binder CJ, et al. Low-density lipoproteins cause atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: pathophysiological, genetic, and therapeutic insights: a consensus statement from the European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel. European Heart Journal. 2020; 41: 2313-2330. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehz962
Baziar N, Nasli-Esfahani E, Djafarian K, Qorbani M, Hedayati M, Mishani MA, et al. The Beneficial Effects of Alpha Lipoic Acid Supplementation on Lp-PLA2 Mass and Its Distribution between HDL and apoB-Containing Lipoproteins in Type 2 Diabetic Patients: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2020; 2020:5850865. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/5850865
Bouayed J, Bohn T. Exogenous antioxidants--Double-edged swords in cellular redox state: Health beneficial effects at physiologic doses versus deleterious effects at high doses. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2010;3(4):228-37. https://doi.org/10.4161/oxim.3.4.12858
Clifford T, Howatson G, West DJ, Stevenson EJ. The potential benefits of red beetroot supplementation in health and disease. Nutrients. 2015; 7(4):2801-22. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7042801
Sinaga FA, Hasibuan R, Risfandi M, Marpaung DR, Jumadin IP, Sinaga R. Pengaruh Pemberian Jus Bit (Beta Vulgaris L) Selama Latihan Terhadap Kadar Malondialdehide Dan Status Antioksidan Atlet. Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Keolahragaan. 2019; 3 (2): 1-12. https://doi.org/10.24114/so.v3i2.15202
da Silva DVT, Pereira AD, Boaventura GT, de Almeida Ribeiro RS, Afonso MV, de Carvalho-Pinto CE, et al. Short-Term Betanin Intake Reduces Oxidative Stress in Wistar Rats. Nutrients. 2019; 11(9): 1978. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11091978
Refaat WA, El-Nassag D. Antioxidant Activity of Beetroot Powder on Alloxan Induced Diabetic Rats. Journal of research in the Fields of Specific Education. 2019; 5(22):111-126. https://doi.org/10.21608/jedu.2019.73657
Girard A, Madani S, Boukortt F, Cherkaoui-Malki M, Belleville J, Prost J. Fructose-enriched diet modifies antioxidant status and lipid metabolism in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Nutrition. 2006; 22: 758 -766. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2006.05.006
Jarukamjorn K, Jearapong N, Pimson C, Chatuphonprasert W. A High-Fat, High-Fructose Diet Induces Antioxidant Imbalance and Increases the Risk and Progression of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Mice. Scientifica (Cairo). 2016; 2016:5029414. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/5029414
Yang Y, Du L, Hosokawa M, Miyashita K. Spirulina Lipids Alleviate Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Mice Fed a High-Fat and High-Sucrose Diet Mar Drugs. 2020; 18(3):148. https://doi.org/10.3390/md18030148
Jung WW. Protective effect of apigenin against oxidative stress-induced damage in osteoblastic cells. International Journal of Molecular Medicine. 2014; 33(5):1327-1334. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2014.1666
Migliaccio V, Scudiero R, Sica R, Lionetti L, Putt R. Oxidative stress and mitochondrial uncoupling protein 2 expression in hepatic steatosis induced by exposure to xenobiotic DDE and high fat diet in male Wistar rats. PLoS One. 2019; 14(4): e0215955. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215955
Chan KW, Ismail M, Esa NM, Alitheen NBM, Imam MU, et al. Defatted Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) Seed Meal and Its Phenolic-Saponin-Rich Extract Protect Hypercholesterolemic Rats against Oxidative Stress and Systemic Inflammation via Transcriptional Modulation of Hepatic Antioxidant Genes. Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity. 2018; 2018:1-11. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/6742571
Wiryanthini IAD, Ratnayanti IAD, Sutadarma IWG. The effect of cacao beans extracts administration on SOD and ox-LDL concentration in oxidative stress conditioned rats. Bali Medical Journal. 2017; 6(3): S18-S21. https://doi.org/10.15562/bmj.v6i3.723
Zeng Y, Song J, Zhang M, Wang H, Zhang Y, Suo H. Comparison of In Vitro and In Vivo Antioxidant Activities of Six Flavonoids with Similar Structures. Antioxidant. 2020; 9(732):1-14. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9080732
Cardozo LFMF, Pedruzzi LM, Stenvinkel P, Stockler-Pinto MB, Daleprane JB, Leite Jr M. Nutritional strategies to modulate inflammation and oxidative stress pathways via activation of the master antioxidant switch Nrf2. Biochimie. 2013; 95(8):1525-133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biochi.2013.04.012
Ooi BK, Chan KG, Goh BH, Yap WH. The Role of Natural Products in Targeting Cardiovascular Diseases via Nrf2 Pathway: Novel Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Approaches. Front Pharmacol. 2018; 9(1308): 1-18. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.01308
Copyright (c) 2020 Authors
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
